Hofuku Maru

Is it known about how many of the men that were in the Hofuku Maru worked on the Burma Railway? Even more specifically, about how many Hofuku Maru men may have worked on the bridge area made (very fictionally) famous in the movie Bridge on the River Kwai The real story is far more horrific. I don't think audiences could have emotionally handled the real story as a movie. It's my understanding the real bridge is located here 14.04095,99.50376 14° 2'27.42"N, 99°30'13.54"E I'm the North America and Japan Memorial Advocate for the Hell Ships Memorial in Subic Bay, Philippines Home | Remember and Honor Today Thank you, John Duresky

 

John,

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Thanks, done

 

John Duresky,

They all worked on the railway, I am fairly certain. Series WO 347 is a great help where ascertaining the 907 who died were in captivity. Liberation Questionnaires and other questionnaires of survivors mostly lack detail. IJA cards are little help but give Groups. At a guess I would say few worked at the place you specify: I would say most were further north in Thailand. The POWS were brought back to Singapore and lingered for several weeks: this did not help their health: as a general rule they were better fed in Thailand. Some became ill and were spared embarkation on the vessels that sailed on 4th July, 1944.

Most ex POWs walked out of the rotten "Bridge" film in disgust.

The Thai/ Burma Railway Centre have analysed the WO 347 records:

TBRC Online: THE THAILAND-BURMA RAILWAY CENTRE

"Reference: WO 347
Title: War Office: Allied Prisoners of War Hospitals, Registers and Papers, Second World War
Description:
Most of the records in this series consist of admission and discharge registers, alphabetical sick registers and death registers, kept by prisoners of war.
These are divided into three subseries:
Nong Pladock Camp and its Ubon or Oubone satellite, in Thailand
Tanbaya Hospital Camp in Burma. This includes an account of the move from Singapore to Thailand, and a War Office PoW Casualty Section file relating to the registers, and an official war diary and death register of the camp
Registers, numbers by book (1-50) of camp hospitals in Batavia, Osaka, Singapore, Hong Kong, and other camp hospitals in Thailand and Burma.
There is also an index for the books 1-50 (WO 347/14-59), arranged by surname. Each card/slip notes (in the bottom left hand corner) the book number and the page number - for example, 1/13 would designate Book Number 1, page 13. In this case, 1/13 would indicate page 13 of WO 347/14.
Books numbered 2-6 are contained within WO 347/15
The contents of each of these registers are diverse and complicated in arrangement, which has necessitated detailed collation in each. To assist searchers details of the collation are filed at the front of each piece.
Date: 1942-1947
Related material:
For files of the Medical Historian dealing with camps in Thailand and relating to Japanese PoWs, see WO 222
Held by: The National Archives, Kew
Legal status: Public Record(s)
Language: English
Creator:
War Office, Adjutant General, Directorate of Prisoners of War, 1940-1945
Physical description: 200 cards and volumes
Access conditions: Open
Immediate source of acquisition:
In 1988-2015 Ministry of Defence
Custodial history: All the records in this series were maintained by the prisoners, who used whatever they could come by to keep a medical record. It is conceivable that, at the end of the War, these particular records by-passed the medical historians whose materials appear in WO 222, and were diverted instead to the War Office PoW Casualty Section and various Allied authorities who were assembling data on those who died in the camps, and only came to light shortly before 1988.
Accruals: No further accruals are expected

You may be interested in this recent debate in the UK Parliament.

John


https://hansard.parliament.uk/commo...8AC-4F08-A4E0-50D4B5D67B4C/LisbonMaruMemorial

"Motion made, and Question proposed, That this House do now adjourn.—(Anna McMorrin.)
9.27pm
Kirsteen Sullivan
(Bathgate and Linlithgow) (Lab/Co-op)
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I thank the Minister for her time and attention on the debate.

On 1 October 1942, an unmarked Japanese freighter called the Lisbon Maru was carrying over 1,800 British and allied prisoners of war—hundreds were from the Royal Scots regiment. The prisoners had been captured after the fall of Hong Kong and were destined for internment in Japan. Conditions for prisoners on this ship, and many freighters like it, were brutal and unsanitary. They became known as “hell ships” because of the suffering of those on board.

For many, including the freighter, that was their final voyage. On that day, the Lisbon Maru was torpedoed by a submarine in the east China sea. Although the Japanese troops on board the vessel were rescued, the POWs were locked in the ship’s hold. As the vessel sank, many were trapped, and those who escaped were shot by guards who remained board, or from nearby Japanese vessels. Many others were gunned down in the water as they desperately tried to survive.

Amid that horror, a glimmer of humanity emerged: Chinese fishermen from nearby islands risked their lives to rescue hundreds of survivors, and gave them shelter in their homes. Their efforts speak to a spirit that we know well, one that reminds us of our own Dunkirk evacuations, showing common humanity in the face of unimaginable horror.

This tragedy was not known to me until this year, when a constituent reached out. For Gerry Borge, his father John and uncle Eddie’s extraordinary experience on board the Lisbon Maru and their miraculous survival was a story he needed to share. John and Eddie were unfortunately recaptured and imprisoned for the remainder of the war, but they finally returned home, unlike so many others.
Jim Shannon
(Strangford) (DUP)
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I commend the hon. Lady for securing this debate. She has put forward this story with so much passion and interest in the people, and I congratulate her on that. Again, I remember and pay tribute to the victory over Japan. I commemorated it at an event just last week, and so this is a timely debate. I pay tribute to the hon. Lady for her passion for establishing a fitting tribute. I will support her as she tries to achieve that goal. Does she agree that the tragedy, resulting in the deaths of more than 800 prisoners —many of whom were from Scotland and, in particular, areas such as West Lothian—makes a memorial seem appropriate as we understand the loss to families throughout Scotland that took place as a result of the sinking of the Lisbon Maru? It would be appropriate to do something like that now.
Kirsteen Sullivan
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The hon. Gentleman makes an important point, and one that I will come on to. I agree wholeheartedly with his sentiment.

Gerry wrote to me in a plea to shine a light on the tragedy when the Lisbon Maru sank, which impacted many families. I spoke to him last week in my office and Toggle showing location of Column 116the message he wanted me to convey this evening is the timeless one that, even during the horrors of war, the actions of the Chinese fishermen exemplify the human instinct to reach out and to help our fellow human beings.

Many who experienced conflict, especially in the Pacific theatre, never felt able to share their stories, yet each town and village in this country will have its own relationship with conflict and a loss to remember. Honouring our history and the conflicts that have often defined it is something I believe Britain has done well over the years. The dedication of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission and the monuments that we erect are a powerful legacy of the sacrifices made and the lives cut short. However, that is also a promise: wherever one dies in conflict around the globe, they will be remembered back home for their heroism, their service and the legacy that they leave.
Dr Scott Arthur
(Edinburgh South West) (Lab)
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I thank my hon. Friend for this debate. A few days ago, in my office, I met relatives of people who died on the Suez Maru, which was lost in similar circumstances, with about 550 prisoners of war on it, a great number of whom were machinegunned in the water by members of the imperial Japanese navy. The fight of the relatives I met was not for a memorial; it was for an answer from the Government about why a war crimes trial did not take place. All these years later, it is an emotive subject for them, and one of the relatives was crying in my office. That is a reminder that although years have passed—that ship was lost in 1943—people can still feel raw and emotional. It is right that we remember such losses.
Kirsteen Sullivan
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I thank my hon. Friend for making that powerful and important point: people did not come home from war and people came home from war changed, not the same person who left. We owe them a debt of gratitude and we owe it to them never to forget the sacrifices they made and the legacy that they left for us in securing our freedom.

The deaths of the servicemen in the tragedy of the Lisbon Maru, including the 373 Royal Scots who perished, are a reminder of Scotland’s historic contribution to the war effort. It will be the 83rd anniversary of the tragedy a month from now, but the commemorations have already begun. A few months ago, Gerry and several relatives of those who were prisoners of war attended an unveiling ceremony of a new memorial on Qingbang island, south-east of Shanghai. It is greatly welcomed that the plight and the story of those servicemen is recognised around the world, but it is important that we remember it at home as well.
David Mundell
(Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale) (Con)
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I commend the hon. Lady for bringing forward the debate and the fact that we were able to have a debate in the House specifically about VJ Day. It is an issue that the events in the far east and some of the horrors that happened there are not known as well as they should be. I was not aware of this specific incident until I heard the hon. Lady mention it previously, so I commend her. Does she agree that we must continue to bring out all the facts about the events in the far east, where Scotland played a particular role, so that people understand the contribution and the sacrifices that were made?
Column 117is located here
Kirsteen Sullivan
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I thank the right hon. Member for that point, which he made very well. Indeed, my grandfather served in Burma, yet that story is not really known in our family as it was a story not told at the time. It is important to bring those stories into the light and to hear about the sacrifices, which are quite unimaginable to many people of our generation. It is important that those stories continue to be told.

The National Memorial Arboretum has a dedicated memorial to the Lisbon Maru tragedy, and it graciously hosts the families for a memorial ceremony every year, for which I know the relatives and the country are grateful. People have memorials in their communities to commemorate the personal loss of war and provide a focal point for remembrance. In a detached and inhumane conflict that seems far away, the consequences are felt by the empty seats around the dinner table at home.

From the conflict of the second world war, the world developed humanitarian law and more humane treatment of prisoners, which has underpinned our international community for decades. It is important that we recommit ourselves to learn those lessons and, as we have heard throughout this evening, that we continuously strive to win the peace. The best way to remind ourselves and teach our young people is to show that the tragedies of war are universal and felt everywhere. A new memorial to the Lisbon Maru would be an excellent place to learn just that: the bravery of those men who suffered as prisoners of war and of the fishermen, but also the horrors of war that must not be repeated.

My constituency is no stranger to powerful memorials. The Bathgate hills host a memorial to those who died in the Korean war of the 1950s. It is a beautiful, peaceful and sobering place to reflect on those killed, captured and maimed very far from home. Its presence encourages us to spark conversations with new generations about the lessons of the past, and the sacrifices that were made for their future.

The Minister for Veterans and People, my hon. Friend the Member for Birmingham Selly Oak (Al Carns), has been a welcome advocate in my constituency, not just with the new VALOUR guarantees set out by this Government, but his personal support for a local memorial to the women in wartime who worked in hazardous conditions in a munitions factory. While the dedicated work of Gerry and the Lisbon Maru Memorial Association will ensure that the legacy lives on, I ask the Minister to consider supporting a new national memorial closer to home for the families of the Royal Scots, commemorating those who survived, those who died and their rescuers. A memorial in Scotland will provide a space for families like Gerry’s to share their stories and remember together.

Finally, I thank Gerry for sharing his family’s personal story with me—a story of two young men, far from home, facing inconceivable horrors—and for allowing me to record it in this place.
9.39pm
The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Scotland
(Kirsty McNeill)
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I congratulate my hon. Friend the Member for Bathgate and Linlithgow (Kirsteen Sullivan) on securing this debate on the potential merits of Government support for a memorial to the Lisbon Maru. In particular, I congratulate her on the very moving and evocative way in which she told the story of this tragedy Toggle showing location of Column 118and the sheer humanity exhibited by those who came to the rescue. Let me put on record our tribute to her constituent Gerry for recording his family’s story—it must have been painful, but it was so incredibly important. I thank the hon. Member for Strangford (Jim Shannon), my hon. Friend the Member for Edinburgh South West (Dr Arthur) and the right hon. Member for Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (David Mundell) for adding their reflections to this debate, and all hon. Members who have stayed to listen to it this evening.

I begin my own reflections by acknowledging and honouring the service and suffering of British and Commonwealth prisoners of war in the Pacific theatre during the second world war. As we have heard today, this issue has impacted on many lives very deeply, including the families of the many Scottish servicemen who tragically lost their lives. As my hon. Friend the Member for Bathgate and Linlithgow has said, every constituency has a story to tell, so it is right that we remember all those who died, those who suffered appalling injuries and those who were tortured and imprisoned during this conflict. It is right that we thank them and recognise that they suffered deeply for our shared freedoms.

I recently had the privilege of representing the UK Government at the VJ Day 80th anniversary service at Edinburgh castle, organised by the Royal British Legion Scotland. I was deeply moved to spend time with families recounting the stories of their own loved ones who had served in world war two across all theatres, and I will never forget the stories they told and the lessons they imparted on the power of forgiveness, service and sacrifice. Similarly, my right hon. Friend the Secretary of State for Scotland met Margaret Landels and George McLeod, both world war two veterans, during his recent visit to Lady Haig’s Poppy Factory for VE Day.

Both of those significant national occasions are reminders of the price paid for our freedoms, and they highlight the importance of standing alongside our allies, particularly, as we heard earlier from the Secretary of State for Defence, in continuing our support for Ukraine. The UK will always support Ukraine’s sovereignty, freedom and right to peace. I had cause to reflect on that personally when I attended the third anniversary commemoration of Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine at the Scottish national war memorial. The memorial at Edinburgh castle honours all Scottish service personnel who have died in the service of their country and acts as a truly poignant symbol of Scotland’s long-standing tradition of contributing to the UK’s national defence.

Scots in the armed forces, their families and their communities are rightly proud of Scotland’s deep-rooted military history. Scots have a very long tradition of defending the UK’s interests around the world. But beyond remembering our fallen heroes, we have a duty to ensure that veterans and their families today receive the support and care that they deserve, no matter where they live in the UK. That is why this Government have taken significant steps to deliver on our promise to renew the nation’s contract with those who serve and have served. I am proud that this Government launched Op VALOUR, a transformative initiative backed by a £50 million commitment to veterans’ support. We also launched a £75 million LGBT financial redress scheme. Through Op Ascend, we are helping veterans to thrive in their post-service careers, providing them with opportunities to succeed in the civilian workforce.Toggle showing location of Column 119

Let me turn to the specific subject of today’s debate. The UK Government deeply regret the loss of life that occurred on the Lisbon Maru and the resulting distress caused by the decision not to pursue a case against those involved. The Government of Japan have acknowledged and shown contrition for their wartime actions on numerous occasions over the past several decades, including from past Prime Ministers and Emperors. Since the second world war, the UK and Japan have continued to work hard to promote our shared democratic values and respect for human rights, in the hope that we will never, ever see a repeat of these events anywhere in the world. I saw the closeness of our modern partnership when I visited Japan only last month.

As my hon. Friend mentioned, there is rightly a memorial located at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, which commemorates all those who were taken captive and those who perished. On 2 October every year there is now an annual gathering at the memorial to remember and honour those affected by this tragedy. I will also take this opportunity to pay tribute to the Lisbon Maru Memorial Association for its dedicated work in preserving the history of the events surrounding the sinking of the Lisbon Maru and honouring all those who were aboard her.Toggle showing location of Column 120

As heritage is a devolved policy area in Scotland, any funding of such memorials remains the preserve of public subscription driven by individuals and organisations. I therefore encourage the Scottish Government to consider how they can best support efforts to commemorate those in Scotland affected by the tragic events of the Lisbon Maru, ensuring that the memory of the 183 servicemen from the Royal Scots regiment who lost their lives is truly honoured. I know that my hon. Friend the Minister for Veterans and People engages regularly with the Scottish Veterans Commissioner, who advocates for veterans living in Scotland and influences policymakers on matters affecting veterans. All our Governments must continue to work together on how we appropriately honour and remember the past.

In closing, let us remember that our commitment to veterans is not just a promise; it is an ongoing, deep obligation. It is our responsibility to honour their service, acknowledge their sacrifices and—most of all—preserve their memories for future generations. Together, we will continue to build a future in which every single veteran receives the care, support and opportunities that they rightfully deserve.

Question put and agreed to.
9.45pm
House adjourned.

 

Thank you. I connected a few years ago with an American woman whose father was shot down and ended up in the POW camp with the British building the railway. I remember her telling me her father took her to see Bridge on the River Kwai when she was a young girl. Afterwards he told her the jungle was fairly realistic, but not the rest of the movie. Thanks for all the information.

 

John, thanks.

I did write to the M.P. who sought the adjournment debate with brief details of "Scots" who on the Hofuku Maru as follows:

"Those who were on board, both deceased and survivors, came from the following places in Scotland, as stated by the serviceman. Bear in mind that the individual gave his family details to the Japanese and may not have given a full address for "operational" or other reasons:

Aberdeenshire: 26
Angus: 1
Argyll: 1
Ayshire: 7
Banff: 9
Caithness: 1
Dumbarton: 5
Edinburgh: 9
Fife: 5
Forfar: 3
Glasgow: 17
Kincardine: 3
Kinross: 1
Lanarkshire: 10
Linlithgow: 1
Midlothian: 1
Perth: 4
Renfrew: 8
Roxburgh: 1
"Scotland": 1
Shetland Islands: 1
Stirling: 8
Stranraer: 1 "

I also gave the following information:

"Below is a list of files which were opened on "Hell ships" by the British Judge Advocate General in 1945/1946 - only TWO of these are at The National Archives at Kew in series WO 311. There is an index in file series WO 356, which can be downloaded, free. War crimes trials proceedings for some Marus are in WO 235, and some in Australian archives. Other proceedings were brought by Americans and Dutch. I have transcribed the WO 235 files for the "Hofuku Maru" and the "Asaka Maru" and published these online. I am working on the "Rashin Maru" - an Australian trial. All three of these Marus departed Singapore on 4th July, 1944.

JT1 France Maru Batavia to Palembang
JT2 Melbourne Maru
JT3 Palembang to Singapore 25-31 May 45
JT4 Sumatra to Singapore 25-31 May 45
JT4 Singapore to Saigon Feb 45
JT5 Roko Maru Tandjong Priok to Singapore
JT6 Maru Maru Ambon to Soerabaja Sep 44
JT6 Maros Maru
JT7 Macassar Maru Batavia to Singapore
JT8 SS Van Warweak Sumatra to Singapore
JT9 Java to Rangoon Jan 43
JT10 Magu Soerabaja to Ambon
JT11 Haroekoe Isle to Java
JT12 Ambon Town to Java
JT13 Lisbon Maru sunk 27/9 to 1/10 1942
JT14 Kota Maru Medan Sumatra to Mergui
JT15 Hofuku Maru
JT16 England Maru
JT17 Orioku Maru Formosa to Japan
JT18 Dia Nichi Maru Singapore to Japan 42
JT19 Singapore Maru Singapore to Mogi
JT20 Nisi Maru
JT20 S.S. Bessa Singapore to Saigon
JT21 Osaka Maru Singapore to Japan
JT21 Hackosan Maru Singapore to Formosa
JT22 Tyno Maru Tanjong Priok to Pandoeng
JT23 Tandjong Maru Changi to Formosa
JT24 Muntok to Loeboek
JT25 Takoma Maru Tandjong Priok to Rangoon
JT26 Kachi Dochi Maru Singapore to Japan
JT26 President Harrison Singapore to Japan
JT27 Medan to Singapore?
JT28 Soerabaya Java to Japan
JT29 Singapore to Fusan Korea
JT30 WO 311/545 Toyama Maru Hong Kong to Japan
JT31 Wales Maru Singapore to Japan
JT32 Teifuku Maru Java to Japan 28/10/42
JT33 Rakuyo Maru
JT34 Mura Maru Singapore to Japan May 43
JT35 Kyokkia Maru Singapore to Japan April 43
JT36 Wales Maru Singapore to Japan June 43 "

The Rashin Maru trial papers are at Australian Archives with item number: 739679

Fortunately, NARA has many records of documents originating with British war crimes investigators which were copied to U.S. investigators. These papers enabled the author Greg Michno to write his excellent account: "Death on the Hellships."

John

 

John Duresky,

papiermache refers to the Chinese fishermen's role. In August 2025 a Chinese film Dongji Rescue was released, including in the USA, so added here in case it missed you the thread on the film: Film: The Sinking of the Lisbon Maru

 

The wreck site of the Lisbon Maru - see above - is rather a long way from Subic Bay, as I am sure John Duresky is aware, but the phrase "Chinese fishermen's role" might conceivably be misinterpreted.

Filipino fishermen did assist in trying to rescue the survivors of the Hofuku Maru.

 

My mistake papiermache. memory fuzzy!

 

Thanks. Yes, I recently read about the documentary done about the fishermen and the POWs. Looking forward to watching it when it becomes available in the U.S.

 

About 40 miles from where it was torpedoed. The men were very fortunate that it got towed/drifted close to shore or else it is likely there would have been no more than a handful of survivors it it had sunk quickly. On top of that was the good fortune to finally sink close to a fishing village which had the boats and men willing to risk going out to save as many men as they could